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Snakes in the tundra? Not a chance! You’re more likely to spot them basking in the sun than slithering in the snow.
The tundra’s freezing temperatures and food scarcity are deal-breakers for these cold-blooded creatures.
Snakes rely on external heat to regulate their body temperature, so they’d find little relief in the tundra’s bitter cold and short growing seasons.
Plus, the lack of prey and shelter in such a harsh climate is like inviting them to a dinner party with no food and nowhere to sit.
Curious about the unique adaptations of tundra wildlife that survive where snakes can’t? Keep reading!
Table Of Contents
- Key Takeaways
- Tundra Geographic Distribution
- Limiting Factors for Tundra
- Why Reptiles Don’t Live in Tundra
- Why Snakes Don’t Live in Arctic Tundra
- Tundra Climate and Geography
- Plant Life in the Tundra
- Animal Life in the Tundra
- Human Impact on the Tundra
- Tundra Conservation Efforts
- Threats to Tundra Ecosystems
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What is the geographic distribution of the tundra?
- What is the limiting factor for tundra?
- Why don t reptiles live in tundra regions?
- Why do snakes not live in the Arctic tundra?
- How does climate change impact tundra snakes?
- What adaptations help tundra snakes survive winters?
- Are tundra snakes endangered due to habitat loss?
- How do tundra snakes find food in harsh climates?
- Do tundra snakes interact with other tundra wildlife?
- Conclusion
Key Takeaways
- You might think snakes are tough enough, but they’re no match for the tundra’s freezing weather. Just like you wouldn’t plan a beach vacation in a snowstorm, snakes steer clear due to their cold-blooded need for warmth, making them a no-show in the icy tundra.
- Finding a snack in the tundra is like searching for a needle in a haystack for snakes. With scarce food options and short growing seasons, they’d struggle to meet their dietary needs. Imagine trying to dine when the buffet’s always closed!
- Snakes need cozy corners and hideouts to call home, but the tundra’s not offering much real estate with its limited shelter and sparse habitat diversity. Picture trying to find a bed in a room with no furniture!
- Even if snakes bundled up for the tundra’s cold, the fierce winds and high precipitation would have them slithering for cover. They’ll leave these blustery, soggy conditions to the penguins and polar bears who are better equipped to handle the wild weather.
Tundra Geographic Distribution
You might be surprised to learn that snakes, those stealthy creatures often found basking in the sun, are entirely absent from the tundra’s chilly embrace. This article explores the geographical distribution of tundra regions across the Arctic, Subarctic, and Alpine areas, giving you a clear picture of where this frosty biome holds sway on continents and countries worldwide.
Arctic Tundra Regions
Ever wonder why snakes give the Arctic tundra a wide berth? In these chilly, treeless regions, the extreme cold and permafrost challenge even the hardiest creatures. While Arctic wildlife battles climate change effects, you won’t spot a slithering snake here. The tundra snake limits are real, as cold temps and sparse tundra vegetation restrict snake geographic distribution without hesitation.
Subarctic Tundra Regions
Subarctic tundra regions, the chillier cousins of the Arctic, challenge plants and animals with biting winds and permafrost.
Imagine a landscape where subarctic tundra vegetation clings fiercely to life amidst thawing permafrost.
Snakes face geographic distribution limits here due to extreme cold.
Yet, conservation efforts highlight the surprising adaptability of wildlife, resiliently weathering human impact.
Alpine Tundra Regions
If you’re exploring the alpine tundra regions, you’ll find a unique ecosystem shaped by extreme conditions. While snakes may not roam these chilly heights, the hardy plants and animals here have adapted ingenious survival strategies to survive the harsh conditions. From vibrant wildflowers to nimble-footed ptarmigan, this high-altitude haven is a clear example of life’s resilience in the face of climate change.
Tundra Distribution by Country
Switching from alpine to broader national landscapes, tundras spread across several countries. You’ll spot these icy regions in:
- Russia – Home to the expansive Siberian tundra.
- Canada – Occupying vast swathes of northern territories.
- United States – Alaskas crisp, chilly terrain.
Each country’s tundra boasts unique animal and plant life. Preserving these vast biomes requires combined conservation efforts.
Tundra Distribution by Continent
Picture walking across frozen canvases: tundra sprawls over North America, Europe, and Asia like nature’s minimalist artwork.
While polar bears thrive here, venomous snakes shrug and opt for the tropical savanna’s warmth.
Tundra’s sparse food habits limit species richness, influencing economic importance and leaving reptilian adventures to warmer climes.
Limiting Factors for Tundra
You’re probably wondering why snakes avoid the frigid tundra, right? Well, it’s because those scaly critters can’t handle the tundra’s extreme temperatures, high winds, and all the other harsh features that make even penguins pause.
Temperature Limitations
The tundra’s frigid temperatures are a formidable obstacle for snakes. As cold-blooded reptiles, they simply can’t withstand the Arctic’s bone-chilling winters. While some snakes hibernate, the tundra’s extreme cold would prove fatal. Without the ability to regulate their body heat, snakes are confined to warmer climates, leaving the tundra snake-free.
Precipitation Limitations
After discussing temperature limitations, it’s raining cats and dogs in your mind about water in the tundra, right? Well, don’t pack your galoshes—tundra rainfall is as scarce as hen’s teeth. The arid tundra barely sees any precipitation, making water a precious commodity. This water scarcity impacts everything from plant growth to animal survival, creating a fine balancing act!
Soil Quality Limitations
Imagine walking on a dessert crust — that’s tundra soil for you! With permafrost beneath, nutrient cycling is slower than a snail’s pace. The low organic matter and poor drainage make life tricky here. And if soil pH had a personality, it’d be grumpier than a cat in water. Snakes prefer cozier soils with better nutrients.
Daylight Limitations
Experiencing lengthy periods of darkness in the tundra? It’s tough for both flora and fauna to thrive. With daylight duration so short, life gets creative:
- Seasonal changes trigger unique plant adaptations.
- Animals alter behavior to cope with limited sun.
- Migration patterns shift dramatically for survival.
- Tundra critters must adapt or migrate, yearning for sunlight like we crave chocolate on a rainy day.
Wind Limitations
The howling winds of the tundra pose a formidable challenge for plants and animals alike.
Imagine trying to stand your ground against gales that can reach speeds of 50 mph or more!
These fierce gusts strip away precious moisture, erode the soil, and make it a struggle for tundra dwellers to conserve energy.
But evolution has equipped them with ingenious adaptations to weather the windstorm.
Why Reptiles Don’t Live in Tundra
Reptiles might seem tough, but the tundra’s freezing temperatures and scarce food are too much for them to handle. Picture a snake trying to sunbathe on tundra snow—that’s why they steer clear of these icy regions!
Temperature Tolerance
In the world of tundra living, temperature tolerance is key and lets just say, reptiles aren’t exactly thrilled about icy real estate. Imagine a snakes cold-blooded adaptation trying to snag a spot in your cozy sleeping bag. Without heat regulation, snake hibernation lacks warmth. As they shiver through winter survival, reptiles stick to toastier habitats!
Humidity Requirements
In the tundra, it’s about as dry as a popcorn fart. Snakes, like desert snakes, thrive in low humidity environments but need sufficient water sources for survival. With the tundra’s lack of liquid water, it’s like asking a fish to walk on land. Snake adaptations simply haven’t evolved to drink air, leaving these frostbitten lands slithery-free.
Food Availability
The tundra’s harsh climate and limited resources make it a tough place for reptiles to find food. With short growing seasons, sparse vegetation, and a lack of small prey, snakes and other reptiles would struggle to meet their dietary needs. You’d be hard-pressed to find a steady supply of rodents, insects, or other small animals to sustain them.
- Seasonal food scarcity
- Limited prey diversity
- Challenging foraging conditions
Shelter and Habitat
Picture the tundra as a sparse gallery where reptiles would struggle to hang their coats. With few Tundra shelters, animal burrows or hearty plant cover become prime real estate. Seasonal changes whisk away warmth and stability, leaving little room for cold-blooded tenants. Without ample habitat diversity, reptiles might call it quits and opt for greener pastures.
Adaptation to Harsh Climate
As you huddle for warmth, imagine reptiles in the tundra, yearning for cozy shelter and warmth. Unfortunately, the tundra’s biting cold is no playground for cold-blooded critters. Reptiles lack the warm-blooded resilience of, say, a polar bear. Their bodies can’t generate heat, making survival strategies impossible. This icy, plant-adapted wilderness leaves no room for our scaly friends’ cold tolerance dreams.
Why Snakes Don’t Live in Arctic Tundra
You might think snakes are cold-blooded enough to live anywhere, but the Arctic tundra’s freezing conditions freeze them out entirely! Between the nippy weather and scarce food options, these slithery creatures would rather stick to warmer, cozier spots.
Cold Temperature Adaptation
Snakes simply can’t hack the frigid Arctic tundra.
Their cold-blooded bodies struggle to maintain a stable temperature in the bone-chilling cold.
But some snakes have evolved clever tricks to survive the winter chill, like producing "antifreeze" proteins and going into a deep sleep called brumation hibernation.
Their lack of insulation and inability to generate body heat seals their fate in the tundra.
Limited Food Sources
You might wonder why snakes skip the Arctic tundra. Well, they’ve got a "food desert" problem up there! With:
- Sparse Tundra Food Chain
- Minimal Prey Availability
- Tough Predator Impact
- Seasonal Scarcity Blues
- Resource Competition Frenzy
It’s not easy sustaining snake nightlife when the buffet’s closed for winter, and there’s no menu change in sight!
Lack of Shelter and Habitat
Imagine living in a cold desert with hardly any burrowing behavior options. Snakes can face challenges finding homes in the tundra due to a lack of shelter construction and habitat diversity. Predator avoidance becomes tricky without enough hideouts. The Arctic tundra’s sparse resources and harsh conditions make it an unwelcome neighborhood for these slithering creatures, limiting their freedom.
High Wind and Precipitation
In the tundra, you’re battling against the elements, quite literally! High winds whip through the landscape, causing erosion that even rattles tundra-adapted plants. Couple that with precipitation impacting soil moisture, and you’ll find snakes just don’t have the appetite for these conditions. Their scaly suits aren’t cut out for such blustery, soggy, plant-growth-challenging escapades!
Short Growing Season
The tundra’s short growing season, lasting just 50-60 days, poses a significant challenge for snakes. With limited time to find food, mate, and prepare for the harsh winter, these cold-blooded reptiles simply can’t survive in the unforgiving Arctic climate. No wonder you won’t spot any slithering serpents in this frozen wonderland!
- Insufficient time to hunt and store food
- Inability to regulate body temperature effectively
- Lack of suitable shelter and hibernation sites
Tundra Climate and Geography
In the vast, chilly expanse of the tundra, you’ll find an ecosystem that seems custom-built to keep snakes away with its freezing temperatures and unforgiving geography. Brace yourself to explore how these icy fields, nutrient-challenged soils, and seasonal water shortages conspire to leave our slithering friends out in the cold—or maybe just out altogether!
Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
Though snakes and the Arctic tundra go together like pickles and ice cream, they’re not pals for good reason. With temperature extremes resembling a deep freezer and precipitation averages that make desert dwellers blanche, the tundra’s climate isn’t a fit for reptiles. Seasonal variations add more chaos, ensuring snakes find more welcoming habitats elsewhere, far from these icy adventures.
Landforms and Elevation
You’ve got tundra stretching across landscapes shaped by ice and time—a real frozen rollercoaster of elevations. From the flat Arctic plains to rugged mountain tundra, permafrost lingers beneath. Glacial erosion carves out unique landforms, and slope variations influence the spread of life. You can imagine the tundra’s contours as nature’s own chilly masterpiece, sculpted by the elements.
Soil Quality and Composition
The tundra’s soil composition is a key factor limiting plant life. The permafrost – a frozen layer of soil – has poor nutrient content and low organic matter. The acidic soil pH also poses challenges. But don’t let this discourage you! With the right adaptations, tundra plants thrive in these harsh conditions. Just gotta get creative, you know?
Water Sources and Availability
Soil quality impacts plant life, but water availability is also a big player. Imagine searching for water in the tundra; it’s like finding a needle in a snowy haystack! Water here mainly comes from snowmelt and permafrost, affecting stream flow.
- Tundra water sources
- Permafrost impact
- Snowmelt runoff
- Water scarcity
Don’t get caught thirsty!
Impact of Climate Change
Just as water sources shape life, climate change reshapes the tundra ecosystem like a relentless artist with a melting brush. Permafrost thaw and sea ice loss lead to species migration, adding chaos to this chilly community. Conservation strategies become lifelines for Arctic inhabitants, ensuring they don’t slip through the cracks like forgotten snowflakes.
Climate Impact |
Tundra Elements |
---|---|
Permafrost thaw | Soil stability |
Sea ice loss | Arctic habitats |
Species migration | Biodiversity shifts |
Conservation strategies | Ecosystem preservation |
Tundra resilience | Climate adaptation |
Plant Life in the Tundra
You might think of the tundra as a barren wasteland, but it’s actually bursting with life, including algae, fungi, and tough little plants that laugh in the face of frost. These resilient green companions are like the superheroes of the tundra, adapting to extreme conditions with shallow roots and cozy, compact growth habits.
Algae, Fungi, and Lichens
Tundra’s algae, fungi, and lichens are the unsung heroes of this harsh landscape. Lichens act as bioindicators, revealing air quality, while also providing a key food source for caribou. Fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, helping them thrive in the tundra’s nutrient-poor soils. Even microscopic algae play a role, insulating the permafrost beneath.
Green Plants and Vegetation
Exploring the harsh tundra, you’ll discover remarkable plant adaptations. This unique flora, including mosses and sedges, thrives during the brief growing season. They huddle close to the ground, where it’s warmer and protected from the winds. Despite limited plant diversity, tundra vegetation plays a key role, like an underdog hero, defending against the elements in this unpredictable environment.
Endangered Plant Species
While lush greens bring life to the tundra, endangered plant species face tough challenges. These brave survivors need conservation efforts to tackle habitat loss and climate impact. Let’s be their voice:
- Protect their homes for freedom.
- Support their fight against harsh winters.
- Encourage species recovery with love.
- Witness their resilience in adversity.
- Cherish their unique beauty forever.
Adaptations to Harsh Climate
Plants in the tundra face a brutal battleground. How do they survive with short summers and harsh winters? Well, they’ve got some tricks up their sleeves like hibernation, camouflage, and food storage. Let’s peek at their clever adaptations:
Adaptation | Description | Benefit |
---|---|---|
Cold Tolerance | Withstands freezing temperatures | Longer survival |
Migraiton | Moves to less harsh areas in cold seasons | Better resources |
Camouflage | Blends with surroundings to avoid predators | Increased safety |
Impressive, right?[END]
Importance of Plant Life in the Tundra
The tundra’s plant life is the backbone of this harsh ecosystem. Mosses and lichens insulate the permafrost, while hardy grasses and flowers provide food for grazing animals. These adaptable plants play a key role in maintaining soil health and supporting the entire tundra food web. Appreciate their resilience next time you spot a splash of color in the frozen landscape!
Animal Life in the Tundra
When you think about animal life in the tundra, it’s a world where few brave souls dare to venture, as if auditioning for an exclusive role in nature’s icy pageant. While mammals and birds don their impressive fur coats and feathers, snakes and other reptiles wisely pass on this polar audition, opting instead for warmer climates.
Microorganisms and Invertebrates
While exploring the tundra’s flora, you know it’s not just about plants! Hidden beneath the icy surface, microorganisms and invertebrates are the unsung heroes of this harsh environment. Soil bacteria and vibrant microbial communities form the backbone of the tundra food web, playing pivotal roles in nutrient cycling. These masters of survival are like decomposer ninjas, silently supporting life.
Amphibians and Reptiles
Amphibians and reptiles are rarely seen in the tundra’s icy landscape. Microorganisms thrive, but cold-blooded creatures like snakes can’t handle the chill. Here’s why:
- Temperature: It’s frigid, and they can’t warm up.
- Food: Scarce and buried under snow.
- Adaptations: They’ve not evolved a survival strategy.
- Reptile conservation: Focuses elsewhere, given sparse tundra presence.
Mammals and Birds
The tundra is home to a diverse array of mammals and birds that have adapted remarkably to the harsh climate. From the mighty caribou to the resilient snowy owl, these creatures thrive in the face of extreme temperatures, limited resources, and relentless winds. Their survival strategies, migratory patterns, and intricate food webs are a clear example of the tundra’s resilience.
Importance of Animal Life in the Tundra
In the chilly tundra, animals play key roles in keeping the ecosystem ticking! They weave into the food web, balancing predator-prey dynamics and migration patterns. Biodiversity thrives here, despite tough conditions.
- Polar bears rely on sea ice for hunting seals, warming can’t unfreeze.
- Birds migrate, adding pizzazz to the tundra’s icy dance.
- Conservation efforts safeguard precious biodiversity.
Human Impact on the Tundra
Ever wondered what happens when humans leave their footprints on the fragile tundra? From climate change to mining, our actions often make the tundra feel like it’s going through a midlife crisis, impacting everything from wildlife to native communities.
Climate Change and Pollution
Imagine the tundra as Earth’s forgotten freezer—Arctic warming is thawing permafrost, leading to oil spills and air pollution, while plastic waste piles up. It’s like a tragic comedy with dire consequences.
Climate Challenge | Emotional Impact |
---|---|
Permafrost Thaw | Loss of Landscapes |
Arctic Warming | Melting Hearts |
Oil Spills | Sorrowful Waters |
Air Pollution | Choked Atmospheres |
Plastic Waste | Burdened Wilderness |
Overhunting and Overfishing
You may not realize it, but overhunting and overfishing in the tundra can have devastating consequences. Here’s what you need to know:
- Sustainable fishing practices are essential to maintain healthy tundra ecosystems.
- Conservation efforts are essential to protect vulnerable species from population decline.
- Unsustainable hunting and fishing disrupt the delicate balance of the tundra.
- Indigenous communities often have traditional practices that promote sustainable resource use.
Mining and Drilling
When you start looking into mining and drilling’s environmental impact on the tundra, it can be like opening Pandora’s box. Oil pipelines zigzag through pristine landscapes, threatening fragile ecosystems. But dont despair; effective regulation policies and tundra restoration efforts can save the day. Support indigenous rights, as their wisdom guides conservation, ensuring our Northern treasures arent lost.
Tourism and Recreation
Tourism’s footprint on the tundra can be as tricky as stepping through an obstacle course! Embrace ecotourism by following sustainable practices. Wildlife viewing should be a gentle peek, not a disruptive spectacle. Protect the tundra’s wild charm by leaving no trace. Support local communities and think twice about your environmental impact; the tundra will thank you.
Impact on Native Peoples
Facing the challenges of a changing world, you might wonder how native peoples cope with cultural shifts. Land use shifts impact their access to essential resources, while traditional knowledge faces erosion like ice under the sun. Health risks mount as new challenges arise. Yet, their resilience shines through, preserving stories and heritage amidst the cold embrace of change.
Tundra Conservation Efforts
Protecting the tundra’s fragile ecosystems requires a collaborative effort from governments, researchers, and the public. From establishing protected areas to fostering community involvement, these conservation efforts are vital for safeguarding the tundra’s unique biodiversity and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Protected Areas and National Parks
While human activities impact the tundra, protected areas like National Parks act as guardians. They wrestle with funding challenges, balancing wildlife protection and visitor impact. Imagine an elf managing a bustling festival, ensuring everyone’s safe yet enjoying themselves. You, too, can support tundra conservation by respecting park guidelines, fostering your freedom while protecting this delicate ecosystem.
Research and Monitoring
Think of research and monitoring as nature’s detective work. You need data collection and species monitoring to understand how climate change impacts tundra life. By using climate modeling and habitat mapping, you can track population trends. Our planet relies on these insights, just like Sherlock relies on Watson, to solve the mysteries of our shifting world.
Education and Awareness
Research tells us about tundra conservation, but your role is equally important. Engage in education and awareness on these fronts:
- Understand climate change impacts.
- Minimize snakebite risks through awareness.
- Encourage responsible tourism practices.
- Share knowledge about public engagement.
Community Involvement and Participation
As a community member, you play a key role in tundra conservation. Get involved in citizen science projects, volunteer for habitat restoration, or support local environmental education programs. Your firsthand knowledge and passion can inspire others to protect this fragile ecosystem. Together, we can safeguard the tundra for generations to come.
International Cooperation and Collaboration
You’re the key to global collaboration in tundra conservation!
Picture planet-saving superheroes, nations working together to tackle climate change and protect biodiversity.
Share your research, support sustainable tourism, and foster biodiversity protection by joining international efforts.
It’s like a giant game of teamwork, where everyone wins!
Threats to Tundra Ecosystems
You might think the tundra’s desolate landscape would be free from threats, but it’s more like a fragile ice sculpture—one wrong move and things could break. Climate change, pollution, and even sneaky invasive species are plotting to crash this frosty party, so let’s see how you can help keep it together!
Climate Change and Global Warming
You’ve heard about tundra conservation, but now climate change is a real snake in the grass. It causes permafrost melt, sea ice loss, and species migration, leading to ecosystem shifts. Carbon emissions are the culprits behind these issues. Think of it like a runaway ice cream truck—cooling off the tundra but leaving eco-chaos in its wake!
Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation
The tundra’s fragile ecosystems face a grave threat from habitat destruction and fragmentation. As human activities encroach on these pristine lands, wildlife corridors are disrupted, isolating populations and jeopardizing their survival. To safeguard the tundra, we must:
- Limit development and resource extraction in sensitive areas.
- Restore degraded habitats and reconnect fragmented landscapes.
- Empower local communities to be stewards of their natural heritage.
Pollution and Contamination
You’ve probably heard how oil spills and plastic waste are the tundra’s unwelcome guests, but the party crashers don’t stop there. Heavy metals and air pollution frequently wreak havoc, making the ecosystem feel like it’s under siege. As if that’s not enough, radioactive waste sometimes joins the chaos, threatening tundra wildlife and plants. Always, preying on nature’s innocence.
Invasive Species and Disease
Imagine this: an uninvited guest, like that annoying relative who overstays their welcome.
They waltz into the tundra, disrupting ecological harmony, and spreading diseases faster than gossip.
These biological gatecrashers, or invasive species, demand effective biosecurity measures and ingenious strategies to manage.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the geographic distribution of the tundra?
Imagine the tundra as Earth’s chilly crown, stretching across the Arctic and subarctic regions like a vast, treeless expanse. You’d find it waving hello from Alaska to Greenland and smiling warmly in Siberia .
What is the limiting factor for tundra?
To understand the tundra’s limits, think of it as a frigid dance floor where only the hardiest can boogie. Low temperatures, limited sunlight, short growing seasons, and nutrient-poor soils create a challenging environment for survival.
Why don t reptiles live in tundra regions?
Reptiles don’t cozy up to tundra regions because the cold temperatures spell disaster for their cold-blooded bodies. Without a steady heat source, reptiles can’t maintain their energy, making survival in the frigid tundra a no-go.
Why do snakes not live in the Arctic tundra?
Much like you’d avoid a beach in winter, snakes steer clear of the Arctic tundra. Its frigid temperatures and lack of warmth challenge their cold-blooded nature, making survival there as tough as finding ice in a desert.
How does climate change impact tundra snakes?
You might wonder how climate change affects snakes in the tundra. Well, as temperatures rise, ecosystems shift and snakes may find new habitats, but scarce tundra conditions often prevent snakes from moving in due to inhospitable climates.
What adaptations help tundra snakes survive winters?
Picture a tundra snake with a parka! These snakes survive harsh winters by burrowing into insulated soil or under snow. Their metabolism slows down, making them less active. It’s their secret (yet literal) survival strategy.
Are tundra snakes endangered due to habitat loss?
Tundra snakes are feeling the heat—not from the sun, mind you, but from habitat loss. With climate change and human activities nibbling at their frosty homes, their survival is becoming a slippery slope.
How do tundra snakes find food in harsh climates?
Imagine you’re a tundra snake sniffing out dinner under snow-covered rocks. You rely on keen senses to snag a rodent or bird, making the most of every brief moment between winter’s icy grip and summer’s warmth.
Do tundra snakes interact with other tundra wildlife?
Tundra snakes interact with local wildlife mainly as predators, influencing the population dynamics of smaller mammals and birds. These interactions help maintain ecological balance, highlighting their role as both predator and prey in this chilly ecosystem’s food web.
Conclusion
Snakes slither, sizzle, and sunbathe, but they shun the tundra’s tantalizing terrains.
You’ve learned how freezing fronts and food flaws form formidable barriers.
These cold-blooded creatures flounder without warmth and want for food in the tundra snake geographic distribution limits.
While some tundra animals tease the elements, snakes simply can’t see similar success.