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The largest snake that you can own legally includes species like the reticulated python, Burmese python, or green anaconda.
These giants can grow over 15 feet long, with reticulated pythons even reaching 20 feet or more!
Owning one isn’t for the faint of heart—they require massive enclosures, a steady supply of large prey, and careful handling to guarantee both your safety and theirs.
Some owners describe them as powerful yet graceful animals, but handling such a snake means always having a plan.
If you’re ready to tackle the responsibility, these snakes could be your ultimate reptile companion… or ultimate challenge!
Table Of Contents
- Key Takeaways
- Choosing The Right Large Snake
- Handling Large Snakes Safely
- Characteristics of The Friendliest Large Snakes
- Safe and Healthy Enclosure Environments
- Special Considerations for First-Time Owners
- Rethinking Exotic Large Snake Ownership
- Breeds Ideal for Apartment Life or Young Handlers
- Potential Medical Response or Wildlife Recovery Challenges
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What is the largest snake you can keep as a pet?
- What are the largest snake species you can legally own?
- Which snakes can be owned as pets?
- What is the world’s biggest snake?
- Which snake is the longest?
- Where can I buy large pet snakes?
- What Type of Environment Do Large Snakes Need to Thrive?
- What Type of Food Do Large Snakes Eat?
- What Kind of Health Care Do Large Snakes Require?
- Is It Safe for Children to Be Around Large Snakes?
- Conclusion
Key Takeaways
- Check your local laws before getting a large snake like a Burmese or reticulated python to avoid legal issues.
- Be prepared for a long-term commitment, as large snakes can live 20-30 years and require substantial care and feeding.
- Create a spacious enclosure with proper heating, humidity, and enrichment to keep your snake healthy and stress-free.
- Always handle large snakes with a partner for safety and learn their body language to avoid accidents.
Choosing The Right Large Snake
You’ll need to match your available space and experience level to the specific needs of large snake species, as some giants like reticulated pythons require enclosures at least two-thirds their body length.
Reticulated pythons demand enclosures spanning at least two-thirds their body length, matching their majestic size with equally impressive space needs.
Your commitment must extend beyond size considerations to include the snake’s 20-30 year lifespan, specialized diet requirements, and the legal restrictions that vary by location.
Understanding Space Requirements
Before bringing home one of these magnificent constrictors, you’ll need space—lots of it—for proper housing.
Your large snake’s enclosure must accommodate both current and future size, with dimensions at least twice your snake’s full length. A 6-foot snake needs a minimum 4x2x4-foot habitat to thrive.
Considering the snake’s well-being, it’s important to research appropriate habitat products before purchasing.
- Enclosure Dimensions: Provide sufficient room for full extension in at least two directions
- Spatial Enrichment: Include climbing branches, hide boxes, and terrain variety
- Habitat Complexity: Incorporate water features scaled to your snake’s size
- Growth Accommodation: Plan for future size increases, especially with species like reticulated pythons
Snake enclosure requirements aren’t just suggestions—they’re essential for preventing stress behaviors and health issues. Cramped quarters won’t cut it for these impressive reptiles.
Considering Longevity and Feeding Needs
Before selecting your giant serpent companion, consider the extensive lifespan commitment these magnificent creatures require. Large snakes typically live 20-30 years—longer than many cars, mortgages, or relationships!
Your snake’s feeding costs and nutritional needs will evolve substantially as they grow:
- Juvenile pythons might start with small rodents, while adults may require rabbits or chickens, increasing your budget from $20 to $100+ monthly
- Feeding schedules vary from weekly for younger snakes to bi-weekly or monthly for mature specimens
- Different species have specific prey options—some prefer birds while others thrive on mammals
A reticulated python’s care requirements extend far beyond their impressive size. These aren’t pets you can easily rehome if circumstances change, so budget carefully for decades of care. Proper nutrition directly impacts your snake’s health, activity levels, and longevity, making consistent feeding essential for these long-term reptilian investments.
Legality and Rehoming Challenges
Now that you understand the feeding and lifespan commitment, let’s talk about the legal maze you’ll need to navigate.
Snake ownership laws differ widely across regions. You’ll need to research:
- Many states have transportation bans on large constrictors, turning your cross-country move into a legal nightmare
- Permits requirements can cost hundreds of dollars annually, with some requiring liability insurance
- Invasive species concerns have led to complete bans of certain snakes in states like Florida
- Rehoming difficulty is real – wildlife sanctuaries operate at near capacity with long waiting lists
The ecosystem impact of released snakes can be devastating, resulting in hefty fines. This is a critical concern for snake owners, as the releasing of snakes into the wild can have severe consequences, and owners must be aware of the potential fines and penalties associated with such actions.
Handling Large Snakes Safely
You’ll need proper techniques to safely handle large constrictors like Burmese pythons and reticulated pythons, which can exert significant force with their muscular bodies.
Always support your snake’s weight evenly across your arms and have a second person present when handling specimens longer than 8 feet to prevent injury to both you and your serpentine companion.
Proper Lifting Techniques to Avoid Stress
Mastering proper lifting techniques keeps both you and your large snake safe. Now that you’ve chosen your snake, handling it correctly prevents unnecessary stress.
When lifting your giant snake:
- Support the snake’s body weight evenly across your forearms and hands
- Establish multiple support points – at least one every 2-3 feet of length
- Maintain a straight back to protect yourself from strain
- Use snake hooks or tongs for initial guidance before hands-on handling
Your calm approach matters as much as your physical technique. Move slowly and deliberately, avoiding sudden movements or twisting motions. Always lift with confidence but gentleness – too loose and they’ll feel insecure, too tight causes distress. With practice, these snake handling techniques become automatic, reducing stress for your impressive reptilian companion.
Respecting The Snake’s Space and Avoiding Cornering
Now that you’ve learned how to lift your snake properly, let’s focus on their personal space. Large snakes communicate their boundaries through body language, and understanding these signals helps reduce snake stress.
Always maintain a safe distance when approaching your snake. They’ll show clear warning signs when uncomfortable:
- S-shaped coiling – Your snake forms curves in its body, preparing for a potential strike
- Head elevation – They raise their head while flattening their neck, signaling vigilance
- Tail vibration – Rapid movement or rattling indicates high stress levels
When practicing snake handling, approach from the side rather than directly facing them. This approach technique feels less threatening to your pet. Never corner your snake against the walls of their enclosure—it triggers their fight-or-flight response and increases snake aggression.
Keep one hand near the head (not on it) and support the body with your other arm to prevent escape while reading body language cues.
Safety Precautions When Handling a Hungry Snake
Identifying a hungry snake demands your full attention before any handling attempt.
Timing your interactions with your large serpent companion can make the difference between a smooth session and a dangerous situation.
When handling large snakes, follow these essential safety precautions:
- Track feeding schedules carefully and avoid handling 24-72 hours before and after meals when the feeding response is strongest
- Watch for warning signs of snake aggression like rapid tongue flicking, tense body posture, or the S-shaped striking position
- Use proper snake handling tools such as hooks or tongs to maintain safe distance during initial contact
- Never approach from above, which triggers defensive behavior in hungry snakes
The feeding response in large constrictors is purely instinctual—even the most docile snake can mistake your hand for prey when hungry.
By recognizing hunger signals and respecting the post-feeding digestion period, you’ll substantially reduce your risk of bites.
This approach ensures a safer and more enjoyable experience with your large serpent companion, emphasizing the importance of proper handling and awareness of snake behavior.
The Importance of Having a Second Person Present
While feeding precautions are essential, having a second person present when handling large snakes is equally important for your safety. You’ll never want to tackle a snake longer than six feet by yourself—it’s simply not worth the risk.
A handling partner provides essential backup support when managing giant serpents. Here’s why two people make snake handling safer:
Scenario | Safety Protocol | Reducing Risk |
---|---|---|
Routine Handling | One person controls head, other supports body | Prevents escape attempts |
Health Checks | Partner monitors snake’s behavior | Early warning of stress signs |
Enclosure Cleaning | Second person keeps snake contained | Eliminates surprise movements |
Emergencies | Immediate assistance if constriction occurs | Faster response to potential bites |
Transportation | Shared weight distribution | Protects snake’s spine from injury |
Your handling assistant should know proper handling techniques and be familiar with emergency response procedures. Even experienced keepers follow this buddy system—it’s not about skill level but about acknowledging that these powerful animals deserve respect and careful management.
Characteristics of The Friendliest Large Snakes
You’ll find that species like Boa constrictors and Ball pythons make excellent companions due to their relatively calm temperaments and manageable handling requirements compared to more aggressive large snakes.
Male boas typically display more docile personalities than females, reaching smaller maximum sizes while still offering the impressive presence you’re looking for in a large reptile pet.
Boa Constrictors as Popular Pets
Boa constrictors, especially red-tailed boas, are a favorite among large snake enthusiasts. Their manageable size and calm demeanor make them a great choice for those familiar with snake care requirements.
Boa constrictors, with their calm demeanor and stunning appearance, perfectly balance manageable size with the charm of a large snake.
While they can grow up to 13 feet, most stay between 6-8 feet, particularly males, which tend to be smaller and easier to handle. One key factor is maintaining proper humidity levels to prevent health issues.
If you’re considering one, here’s what you’ll need:
- Enclosure Needs: A habitat with temperatures ranging from 80-92°F, including a basking spot, guarantees their health.
- Feeding Schedule: Adults eat every 10-14 days, making care less demanding.
- Boa Temperament: Male boas are typically calmer, reducing snake temperament concerns.
With their size variation and availability in stunning morphs, boa constrictors balance impressive appearance with moderate care difficulty, making them a standout in the sphere of large pet snakes.
Ball Pythons and Their Docile Nature
Ball pythons are often called the "starter snakes" of the reptile world, thanks to their docile temperament and manageable size.
These beginner snakes are perfect for owners looking for a calm, easy-to-handle pet.
Unlike larger species, ball pythons rarely exceed 5-6 feet, making their enclosure size requirements more reasonable.
They’re also known for their unique defense mechanism—curling into a tight ball when stressed, which keeps both the snake and handler safe.
Their slow, deliberate movements further add to their reputation for handling ease.
Ball pythons come in a dazzling array of morphs and variations, offering something for every enthusiast.
Here’s why they’re ideal for snake ownership:
- Docility: Their calm snake temperament makes them great for all experience levels.
- Manageable Size: Small enough for apartments or limited spaces.
- Low Stress: Easy to handle without sudden, intimidating movements.
Ball pythons truly embody snake docility at its finest.
Understanding The Temperament of Male Boas
In the context of large, manageable snakes, male boa constrictors stand out for their calm demeanor. Unlike their larger, more assertive female counterparts, male boas are known for their docility and predictable behavior.
This makes them a great choice for both beginners and seasoned snake keepers. Their smaller size compared to females means handling male boas is less physically demanding, and they’re less likely to show aggression when properly socialized.
With consistent care, you’ll find these red-tailed boas easygoing and cooperative. By understanding their socialization needs and temperament, you can build trust with your snake, making boa constrictor care a rewarding experience.
Male boas truly embody a balance of power and approachability.
Safe and Healthy Enclosure Environments
You’ve got to create a space where your giant snake feels safe and thrives. A proper enclosure with the right temperature, humidity, and enrichment keeps them healthy and stress-free.
Environmental Enrichment to Reduce Stress
A well-designed snake enclosure environment keeps your pet happy and healthy. To reduce snake stress, focus on enrichment variety that mimics their natural habitat.
- Add hiding spots at both warm and cool ends for comfort and security.
- Include sturdy climbing structures for active species like Reticulated Pythons.
- Use species-specific substrates, like cypress mulch, to maintain proper moisture levels.
- Create temperature gradients with heat sources for natural thermoregulation.
- Incorporate water features and textured elements to encourage exploration.
Snakes particularly enjoy having secure hiding locations within their habitat. A thriving snake environment means a relaxed, active pet, which is the result of a well-designed enclosure that provides natural habitat conditions and reduces snake stress for overall pet happiness.
Maintaining a Healthy Humidity Level
Keeping the right humidity in your snake’s enclosure is key to its health and comfort. Most large snakes, like boas, thrive with 75-85% humidity, especially during shedding.
Without proper humidity monitoring, shedding success can be a challenge, and your snake might face issues like stuck skin or respiratory health problems. Use a digital hygrometer to track moisture levels accurately.
For snake hydration, include a large water bowl for soaking and choose a substrate like coconut fiber that holds moisture well. Daily misting can also help maintain ideal snake enclosure humidity.
Consider purchasing a digital snake hygrometer for accurate readings. During shedding, bump up the humidity slightly to guarantee smooth, complete sheds. Think of it as giving your snake a mini spa day! Keeping these factors in check guarantees your snake stays healthy and avoids unnecessary stress.
Creating a Proper Heating Gradient
To keep your snake comfy, you’ll need a proper snake enclosure thermal gradient. Think of it as their personal climate control system.
Set up a basking spot design at 88-92°F and a cooler zone at 75-80°F. Use thermostat calibration to avoid overheating.
- Choose safe snake heat sources like ceramic emitters or mats.
- Avoid heat rocks; they can burn your snake.
- Position heat sources to create distinct snake temperature zones.
- Use digital thermometers for gradient monitoring.
- Make certain ambient temperature control for overall comfort.
This setup helps your snake thrive by supporting natural thermoregulation. A vital aspect involves understanding temperature gradient zoning to meet a snake’s needs.
Tips for Keeping Your Snake Hydrated
Hydration plays a vital role in your snake’s health, especially for large species like Burmese Pythons or Reticulated Pythons.
Without proper snake water quality and hydration, issues like poor shedding or dehydration can arise.
Here’s how to keep your snake hydrated:
- Water Bowl Size: Choose a bowl large enough for full submersion, covering 20-30% of the enclosure.
- Misting Frequency and Humidity Levels: Use a digital hygrometer to monitor humidity daily, maintaining 50-70% for most species.
- Snake Water Quality: Refresh water every 1-2 days to prevent bacteria and scale rot.
Clean the bowl weekly with reptile-safe disinfectant.
Mist the enclosure more frequently during shedding cycles.
Snakes love soaking, especially during shedding hydration periods.
Recognizing dehydration is simple—watch for wrinkled skin or sunken eyes.
A hydrated snake will have smooth scales, clear eyes, and shed easily.
Special Considerations for First-Time Owners
If you’re thinking about owning a giant snake, it’s important to prepare for their unique needs.
From handling their weight to spotting health issues, first-time owners have a lot to learn to keep these impressive reptiles happy and healthy.
Weight and Handling Strength Considerations
Handling a giant snake is no small feat—literally. These reptiles can weigh over 100 pounds, meaning you’ll need more than just curiosity to care for them. It’s a mix of technique, preparation, and strength.
Ask yourself: can you manage a snake as heavy as a teenager? Large breeds like reticulated pythons often require two people for safe handling, especially during feeding or enclosure cleaning. You’ll also need tools like snake hooks and support tubes to guarantee both your safety and the snake’s comfort.
- Learn proper lifting techniques to avoid injuring yourself or the snake.
- Assess your muscular strength—even smaller movements need control.
- Follow strict safety protocols for handling large, unpredictable snakes.
Remember, handling is about finesse, not force. Respect the snake’s temperament and always prioritize snake handling safety.
Identifying Snake Illness and Common Health Issues
Your snake’s health is your top priority, so watch for these common issues below:
Issue | Symptoms | Action |
---|---|---|
Respiratory Infections | Wheezing, mucus | Visit a reptile vet ASAP |
Scale Rot | Crusty scales, redness | Clean habitat, seek antifungal treatment |
Parasite Control | Weight loss, mites visible | Vet-prescribed deworming |
Shedding Problems | Stuck skin, dull color | Increase enclosure humidity, provide rough surfaces |
Inspect your snake weekly for signs of illness. Catching early symptoms of respiratory infections or parasite issues prevents long-term complications.
Environmental factors can also contribute to illness, such as respiratory infections and pneumonia.
Preparation and Support From The Community
Preparation is key when owning a giant snake, and tapping into a strong snake community can make all the difference.
Experienced snake mentors and support networks offer practical advice that saves time and stress.
Before bringing home your serpent, explore resources like:
- Local herpetological societies for in-depth knowledge and workshops
- Snake forums to share handling tips and troubleshoot common challenges
- Snake rescue organizations to connect with those rehoming large snakes
“Meeting other keepers helped me avoid rookie mistakes,” says long-time owner Sarah.
A well-connected support network guarantees you’re ready for anything, from creating community escape plans to accessing emergency veterinary care when it matters most.
Buying a Healthy Snake From Reputable Breeders
Choosing trustworthy snake breeders guarantees your reptile ownership starts right.
Focus on breeder reputation—find those offering ethical breeding practices and health guarantees.
Always ask about your snake’s origin and genetic history; it reflects long-term snake health.
Look closely for clear eyes, smooth skin, and calm movement.
A healthy snake is the backbone of responsible large snake ownership, keeping surprises to a minimum and satisfaction high, which is why breeder reputation and health guarantees are crucial.
Rethinking Exotic Large Snake Ownership
Owning a large exotic snake isn’t just about having a cool pet—it’s a commitment to space, resources, and responsibility.
By researching alternatives and considering the impact on ecosystems, you can make smarter, more ethical choices.
Research and Alternatives Before Ownership
Before owning big snakes, ask yourself:
- Are you ready for a 20+ year commitment to a creature depending on your care?
- Can you handle the costs of feeding, vet bills, and custom enclosures for the largest pet snake?
- Do you have proper space and time for large snake ownership?
- Have you explored ethical alternatives, like adopting smaller species with fewer rehoming difficulties?
Responsible snake ownership means evaluating legal restrictions, ecosystem impact, and your ability to meet their unique needs over time.
Protecting Ecosystems by Keeping Domestic Snakes Confined
Your role as a responsible snake owner goes beyond care—it’s about ensuring your pet stays put.
Proper snake enclosures and escape prevention don’t just protect your snake; they safeguard ecosystems.
Invasive species, like Burmese pythons in Florida, wreak havoc when released, disrupting native wildlife.
Snake laws and enclosure regulations exist to minimize ecosystem impact.
Responsible ownership means securing permits, building escape-proof habitats, and avoiding rehoming challenges to preserve biodiversity and natural habitats for everyone.
Taking Into Account Cultural Norms
Cultural norms shape how snakes are viewed—some embrace them, others don’t.
Before owning a large pet snake, think about how your community might react. Here are four factors to keep in mind:
- Cultural acceptance: Research local views on snake ownership—are snakes feared or admired?
- Religious views: In some cultures, snakes hold sacred or symbolic meanings, while in others, they’re taboo.
- Community impact: Neighbors might worry about safety—be ready to address concerns.
- Educational opportunities: Use your pet to shift perceptions, teaching others about snakes in a respectful, engaging way.
Respect cultural differences—snake ownership thrives with understanding and awareness!
Changing Policies Surrounding The Regulation
Snake regulations are evolving quickly, so staying informed is essential.
Federal laws like the Lacey Act ban interstate transportation of specific snake species without permits, tightening ownership rules.
State-level policies, such as invasive species bans, often require snake permits, special enclosures, or liability insurance.
These rules aim to prevent ecosystem impacts and rehoming difficulties, ensuring responsible care and proper housing standards.
Check your local laws before purchase—snake legality hinges on legal compliance, responsible care, and proper housing standards.
Breeds Ideal for Apartment Life or Young Handlers
If you’re new to owning large snakes or live in a smaller space, some species make excellent starters.
These snakes are manageable in size, easy to handle, and suited for controlled environments like apartments, which makes them a great choice for smaller spaces.
Beginner Snake Handling Guidelines for Adults and Teenagers
Handling a snake can be easy if you start small and follow these practical tips.
For beginners, focus on safe handling techniques to build trust and reduce stress.
- Support the body: Always hold your snake gently, never by the tail or middle to avoid stress.
- Move slowly and calmly: Sudden movements can startle your snake. Be patient and confident.
- Handle with supervision: Teenagers should always have an adult present for safety and snake bite prevention.
Watch for signs like hissing or coiling — stay calm and adjust your approach.
Consistency guarantees both you and the snake feel safe.
Making Great Beginners Choice for Environment Protection
If you’re a beginner aiming for conservation and reducing ecosystem impact, opt for responsibly sourced species like Dumeril’s boas, boa constrictors, or red-tailed boas.
Captivity effects are manageable when ethical sourcing is prioritized. Their manageable snake enclosure size makes them ideal for responsible ownership.
Choosing such snakes preserves wild populations and guarantees sustainable care. These species offer a perfect balance of beginner-friendly handling and environmental responsibility, ensuring your impact stays positive.
High Awareness From Scent Evidence Given Across Territory Claim
Large snakes are masters of scent territoriality, using their bodies to mark surfaces in your home like an invisible map.
This chemical communication helps them feel secure and establishes their boundaries, even in captivity.
- Snake pheromones play a big role in olfactory awareness and recognizing territory.
- Their marking behavior mimics natural instincts, reducing stress when organized enclosures respect these habits.
- Well-planned snake enclosures support this by including spaces for natural behavior like mapping.
Understanding snake scent marking guarantees healthier, more content snakes in your care!
Potential Medical Response or Wildlife Recovery Challenges
Preparation is key when owning large snakes. Emergencies like venom effects, escape risks, or snake medical issues can happen fast.
Always have a detailed plan and tools ready. Keep an emergency kit stocked and include:
- Snake hooks and tongs for safe handling.
- Antivenom availability and contact info for veterinary access.
- Snake bite protocols for family members.
- Records of your snake’s size, species, and health for quick action.
- Snake emergency response numbers for wildlife recovery experts.
Stay prepared to handle trouble like a pro. Recognizing captivity stress effects can also help prevent health issues. Being aware of potential risks and having a plan in place can significantly reduce the likelihood of escape risks and ensure quick action in emergencies, ultimately leading to better snake medical care.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the largest snake you can keep as a pet?
Imagine owning a living giant.
Reticulated pythons, the longest pet snakes, can grow over 25 feet in captivity.
These majestic reptiles need experienced care, secure enclosures, and space to thrive, making them truly remarkable companions.
What are the largest snake species you can legally own?
You can own massive snakes like reticulated pythons (up to 25 feet) and Burmese pythons (over 20 feet) if legal in your area. Always check local laws, as regulations vary widely.
Which snakes can be owned as pets?
You can own snakes like ball pythons, corn snakes, boa constrictors, and Burmese pythons.
They range from small to massive, offering different care needs.
Always check local laws and prepare for long-term commitments.
What is the world’s biggest snake?
The world’s biggest snake is the reticulated python, which can reach over 30 feet long in the wild.
Known for its impressive patterns, it’s non-venomous but incredibly strong, making handling a challenge.
Which snake is the longest?
The reticulated python holds the title for the longest snake, often exceeding 20 feet in captivity and stretching over 30 feet in the wild.
Its intricate patterns make it both mesmerizing and intimidating.
Where can I buy large pet snakes?
You can buy large pet snakes from specialized reptile breeders, exotic pet stores, or online platforms like MorphMarket.
Always check local laws and choose reputable sellers who prioritize proper care and healthy animals.
What Type of Environment Do Large Snakes Need to Thrive?
A thriving environment for large snakes requires spacious enclosures with temperature gradients, secure hiding spots, and climbing structures.
Make certain enough room for stretching, water features for hydration, and proper ventilation to mimic their natural habitat.
What Type of Food Do Large Snakes Eat?
Big snakes eat a mix of mammals and birds like rats, rabbits, and chickens.
Their diet depends on their species.
You’ll need frozen or live prey, thawed before feeding, to mimic their natural hunting habits.
What Kind of Health Care Do Large Snakes Require?
Large snakes need regular vet checkups, parasite screenings, and careful monitoring for respiratory infections or shedding issues.
Make certain a balanced diet, proper humidity, and clean enclosures to prevent health problems and keep them happy.
Is It Safe for Children to Be Around Large Snakes?
It depends on the snake and setting, but large snakes can pose risks to children.
Always supervise interactions, guarantee proper enclosures, and teach boundaries.
Even calm species need respect; safety should always come first.
Conclusion
In the case of owning the largest snake that you can own, remember the saying: "Measure twice, cut once."
These giant reptiles demand carefully planned enclosures, proper diets, and consistent attention.
While species like reticulated pythons or Burmese pythons can be fascinating companions, they’re not for everyone.
Always prioritize safety—for both you and the snake—and make certain you have the resources to meet their needs.
With preparation, these awe-inspiring snakes can thrive in your care.
- http://merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-exotic-and-zoo-animals/nutrition-in-snakes
- https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/green-anaconda
- https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2015/constrictor-snakes-03-06-2015.html
- https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eunectes_murinus/
- https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/53rbz165-168.pdf